Browsing by Author Costardi, Carla Maria de Oliveira.
Showing results 1 to 2 of 2
| Issue Date | Title | Resume | Author(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-01 | The ideological background of bitcoin: the unintended, but predicted, convenience of anonymity for criminal activities | Bitcoin, the first cr yptocurrency and the first known application of Blockchain, is closely related to the countercultural movement called Cypherpunks. The activism of Cypher-punks, as stated in their manifesto, was – and still is – directed to developing tools to pro-vide a virtual environment where privacy is protected. To them, privacy is not secrecy; privacy is the power to selectively reveal oneself to the world. Bitcoin is a direct outcome of this aspiration, as Satoshi Nakamoto – while developing Bitcoin – committed his ef-forts to produce an innovative software that reflected this ambition and was successful at developing one that, at once: (i) sheltered privacy through pseudo-anonymity, (ii) pro-vided an unchangeable public ledger of all transactions completed with Bitcoin and (iii) challenged the state-centric monetar y policy and the traditional banking system through a decentralized network of operating nodes functioning as validators of the information carried in the public ledger. In this article, through the establishment of relations between the Cypherpunk ideology and Bitcoin, the central argument is that the convenience of using Bitcoin in criminal activities is, originally, an unintended effect of the ideology that supported the development of cr yptocurrencies but, more likely, a collateral risk the cre-ator was willing to take. | Costardi, Carla Maria de Oliveira. |
| 2022-01 | The institutionalisation of the multilateral police cooperation in the americas: a bottom-up approach to the pathway of an informal government network | The Police Community of America – AMERIPOL was created in 2007, at the 3rd Meeting of Directors, Commanders and Chiefs of Police of Latin America and the Caribbean that took place in Bogotá, Colombia. At the end of this meeting, official delegates of 15 national police institutions signed AMERIPOL’s bylaws. This decision led to the creation of a government network with broad cooperation faculties that – even without an international treaty – has operated since 2007 as a multilateral police cooperation mechanism. States did not oppose AMERIPOL, and several international organisations, the European Union, private actors and police institutions outside the Americas established cooperative alliances with it. The peculiar scenario where police forces – not States – lead the institutionalisation of multilateral police cooperation in the Americas begs the question: is it possible to reconcile the particular political conjuncture of creation and consolidation of AMERIPOL with international law? In this article, I sustain that the harmonisation of that specific political context and legal theory is, indeed, possible by articulating Anne-Marie Slaughter’s disaggregated state interpretation of the transnational agency of domestic government institutions with Janet K. Levit’s Bottom-Up Approach to International Lawmaking. This theoretical proposition reconciles AMERIPOL’s informal origins with the legitimacy needed to participate in any lawmaking process. | Costardi, Carla Maria de Oliveira. |